為了一一解答這些問(wèn)題,我們今天就來(lái)談?wù)剫胗變旱娜榉吭绨l(fā)育——微小青春期(minipuberty)。
乳房早發(fā)育發(fā)生率及原因
據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì),乳房早發(fā)育的發(fā)生率呈逐年上升趨勢(shì),因年齡組及種族不同其差異較大:生后第1年發(fā)生率最高,第2年逐漸下降,第5年再次輕度升高;黑種人較白種人發(fā)生率高。有報(bào)道顯示,2歲以內(nèi)女孩發(fā)生率為0.6/1000至6.2/1000不等,2歲至8歲女孩發(fā)生率為0.1/1000至1.6/1000不等。
單純?nèi)榉吭绨l(fā)育,可為單側(cè)或雙側(cè),通常Tanner分期

(如果發(fā)現(xiàn)寶寶的乳暈著色、乳頭凸起,建議就診)
大部分乳房早發(fā)育屬于特發(fā)性的良性的青春期發(fā)育變異,且通常發(fā)生于2歲以內(nèi)(可于出生時(shí)就出現(xiàn)乳房早發(fā)育)。大多數(shù)可自行消退,且未自行消退者大部分無(wú)繼續(xù)進(jìn)展,停留在乳房Tanner分期的B1至B2期。
但近年來(lái)報(bào)道顯示,乳房早發(fā)育約10%-20% 可能會(huì)發(fā)展至中樞性性早熟,起病年齡越大(大部分是2歲以后),進(jìn)展為中樞性性早熟的比例越大,而后者會(huì)影響孩子的生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育及心理健康,需要我們?cè)缙谧R(shí)別和干預(yù)。因此,對(duì)于存在乳房早發(fā)育的嬰幼兒,兒科醫(yī)生會(huì)建議定期隨診觀察,每隔3個(gè)月隨訪1次。在隨訪觀察期間若出現(xiàn)可能提示真性性早熟的征象則進(jìn)行醫(yī)學(xué)檢查。
懷疑孩子真性性早熟,醫(yī)生會(huì)做如下檢查:
如果懷疑寶寶性早熟,醫(yī)學(xué)檢查包括但不僅限于如下:
關(guān)于中樞性性早熟的患兒是否需要常規(guī)行頭顱影像學(xué)檢查,國(guó)內(nèi)外的指南有所不一樣,國(guó)外推薦6歲以下中樞性性早熟女孩及所有中樞性性早熟男孩均需行頭顱MRI檢查,而國(guó)內(nèi)指南除上述所指以外,還強(qiáng)調(diào)6至8歲的中樞性性早熟女孩出現(xiàn)快速性發(fā)育征象或出現(xiàn)神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)表現(xiàn)(如頭痛、視物模糊等)時(shí),亦建議行頭顱MRI檢查。
部分孩子可能需要行乳腺超聲檢;
少數(shù)情況下會(huì)出現(xiàn)乳房結(jié)節(jié)持續(xù)存在和/或進(jìn)行性增大的情況,但不伴有提示真性性早熟的征象,臨床懷疑為乳房腫塊而并非乳房早發(fā)育時(shí),為明確乳房腫塊性質(zhì)、預(yù)后和指導(dǎo)治療,會(huì)建議行乳腺超聲檢查。
說(shuō)到這里,相信大多數(shù)家長(zhǎng)對(duì)女孩乳房的早發(fā)育情況都有了初步的認(rèn)識(shí),最后讓我們來(lái)小結(jié)一下:
參考資料:
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13.https://www.uptodate.com/contents/normal-puberty?source=search_result&search=normal+puberty&selectedTitle=1%7E150.
14.https://www.uptodate.com/contents/definition-etiology-and-evaluation-of-precocious-puberty?source=search_result&search=normal+puberty&selectedTitle=2%7E150.
15.https://www.uptodate.com/contents/treatment-of-precocious-puberty?source=search_result&search=normal+puberty&selectedTitle=3%7E150.
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